What Are the Indications of Kidney Disease?

 What Are the Indications of Kidney Disease?

Approximately 90% of individuals with kidney disease are unaware of their condition, often due to the absence of noticeable symptoms until the advanced stages, as explained by Dr. David Goldfarb, clinical chief of nephrology at NYU Langone Health. Given this, Dr. Goldfarb emphasizes the importance of regular screening for individuals with risk factors like age over 60, or chronic medical conditions such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, or autoimmune disorders like lupus.

Despite the lack of obvious symptoms, there are subtle indications that may manifest in both early and later stages of kidney disease, according to Dr. Staci Leisman, a kidney specialist at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York. Here are some signs to be aware of across different stages of kidney disease.

What are the early signs of kidney disease?

• Early signs of kidney disease may include:

• Changes in urination patterns, such as:

1. Increased or decreased urine output
2. Difficulty or pain during urination
3. Foamy or bubbly urine

• Swelling, particularly in the legs, ankles, feet, or around the eyes, due to fluid retention.
• Fatigue and weakness, even with adequate rest.
• Persistent itching, often accompanied by dry skin.
• Trouble concentrating and cognitive difficulties.
• Loss of appetite and unexplained weight loss.
• Muscle cramps, particularly in the legs.
• Increased susceptibility to infections, such as urinary tract infections.

If you experience any of these symptoms, it's essential to consult with a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and management. Early detection and treatment of kidney disease can help prevent further complications and improve outcomes.

What symptoms are more likely to appear in later stages of kidney disease?

In the later stages of kidney disease, when the kidneys are severely damaged and unable to filter toxins effectively, certain symptoms become more prominent. These symptoms often indicate advanced kidney dysfunction and may necessitate treatments like dialysis or kidney transplantation.

Symptoms that are more likely to appear in later stages of kidney disease include:

• Dry, itchy skin

is a common symptom of advanced kidney disease. As kidney function declines, the body's ability to maintain mineral balance and eliminate waste diminishes. Consequently, minerals like phosphorus can accumulate in the skin, leading to a condition known as uremic pruritus. This can cause intense itching, leading to scratching and potential skin damage. Additionally, the skin may become rough, scaly, and prone to cracking. Changes in skin color and texture, including darkening, thickening, and the development of bumps or cysts, may also occur. Nail abnormalities, such as half-and-half nails or white bands, can also manifest in advanced kidney disease.

• Fatigue and difficulty sleeping

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common occurrence among individuals undergoing dialysis for end-stage kidney disease, with prevalence rates ranging from 6.6% to 80%, as indicated by a 2020 study. RLS is characterized by an uncontrollable urge to move the legs while at rest.

Sleep disturbances are frequently reported among individuals with kidney disease, potentially exacerbated by RLS symptoms. Additionally, fatigue, weakness, and difficulty concentrating may manifest in the later stages of kidney disease due to the accumulation of toxins in the bloodstream resulting from diminished kidney function.

• Loss of appetite

is a common occurrence in individuals with kidney disease, primarily due to the accumulation of toxins in the body. About one-third of patients with end-stage kidney disease may additionally experience a metallic taste in their mouth, likely resulting from the buildup of waste products like urea, which can affect taste perception. This alteration in taste can further contribute to appetite loss. Additionally, kidney disease can lead to nausea and vomiting, further impacting dietary intake and overall nutritional status.

• Muscle cramps

are a common occurrence in individuals with severe kidney disease, often due to electrolyte imbalances. These imbalances can lead to the involuntary contraction of muscles, resulting in cramping. Additionally, individuals with kidney disease may experience a pins and needles sensation in their arms and legs.